Hijab

For the municipal company of Gothenburg, Sweden, see Hijab.

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Women wearing hijab

A hijab, also spelled ḥijāb (/hɪˈdʒɑːb/, /hɪˈdʒæb/, /ˈhɪ.dʒæb/ or /hɛˈdʒɑːb/;^[1][2][3][4] Arabic: حجاب‎, pronounced [ħiˈdʒæːb] or [ħiˈɡæːb]), is a veil that covers the head and chest, which is often worn by Muslim women beyond the age of puberty in the presence of adult males outside of their immediate family as a form of modest attire. According to some interpretations, it may also be worn in the presence of adult non-Muslim females outside of their immediate family. The hijab can further denote any head, face or body covering worn by Muslim women that similarly conforms to a certain standard of modesty. It can also be used to refer to the seclusion of women from men in the public sphere, or it may embody a metaphysical dimension – Al-hijab refers to "the veil which separates man or the world from God".^[5] In fact the word "veil" derives from a Latin word which means much the same as hijab.
Most often, the hijab is worn by Muslim women as a symbol of modesty and privacy. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World, modesty in the Quran concerns both men's and women's "gaze, gait, garments, and genitalia."^[6] The Quran admonishes Muslim women to dress modestly and cover their breasts and genitals.^[7] Most Islamic legal systems define this type of modest dressing as covering everything except the face and hands in public.^[5][8] These guidelines (for covering of the entire body except for the hands, the feet and the face) are found in texts of fiqh and hadith developed after the revelation of the Quran but, according to some, are derived from the hijab ayahs in Quran.^[6] The Quran mandates Hijab for both men and women, the word "hijab" does not mean headscarf, but cover. The Quran states "tell the believing men to lower their gaze (in the presence of women), this is better for them", and for women "tell the believing women to put their khumur over their bosoms". The word "khumur" is often omitted when the quote is referenced, and the word is the actual word used in the Quran, which, by all Arabic translations means "a veil worn by a women to cover her head", and the second part of the verse, "over their bosoms" indicates women should cover their breasts in the presence of men who are not their immediate relatives.^[9]
The term hijab in Arabic literally means "a screen or curtain" and is used in the Quran to refer to a partition. The Quran tells the male believers (Muslims) to talk to the wives of Muhammad behind a curtain. This curtain was the responsibility of the men and not the wives of Muhammad. This leads some to claim that the mandate of the Quran to wear hijab applies to the wives of Muhammad, not women generally.^[10][11] Αlthough hijab is often seen by Westerners as a tool utilized by men to control and silence women, the practice is understood differently in different contexts.^[12] Conservative Muslims assert that applying the concept of Gheerah (protective jealousy) and enforcing the wearing of the hijab preserves a Muslim man's honor and helps to fulfill his requirement to be the protector of his womanfolk.^[13][14]

Contents

• 1 In Islamic texts
  • 1.1 Quran
    • 1.1.1 An-Nur Surah
    • 1.1.2 Al-Ahzab Surah
    • 1.1.3 Alternative views
  • 1.2 Hadith
• 2 Dress code required by hijab
  • 2.1 Women
    • 2.1.1 Garments
  • 2.2 Men
• 3 Sartorial hijab as practiced
• 4 Historical and cultural explanations
  • 4.1 History
  • 4.2 Contemporary context
• 5 Modern practice
  • 5.1 Governmental enforcement and bans
  • 5.2 Non-governmental enforcement
• 6 Hijab by country
• 7 See also
• 8 Notes
• 9 References
• 10 External links
  • 10.1 Orthodox Islam
  • 10.2 Contemporary Muslim opinion
  • 10.3 News articles

In Islamic texts

Quran

The Quran instructs both Muslim men and women to dress in a modest way. Hijab verses are commandment of Allah to Muslim men and women about observing the Hijab in the Islamic and non-Islamic societies.^[15][16] There are two Surah in the Quran about Hijab which includes an-Nur (chapter 24) and al-Ahzab (chapter 33).^[17][18]

An-Nur Surah

In the an-Nur Surah, there are two verses (verses of 30 and 31) about observance of Hijab of the eyes. Allah commands to believing men that do not sensual look at non-Mahram women and to cast their glances downwards.^[15]
قُلْ لِلْمُؤْمِنِيْنَ يَغُضُّوْا مِنْ أَبْصَارِهِمْ وَ يَحْفَظُوْا فُرُوْجَهُمْ, ذَلِكَ أَزْكَى لَهُمْ^[19]

The thirtieth verse says: "Say to the believing men that: they should cast down their glances and guard their private parts (by being chaste). This is better for them. (Quran 24:30)

The clearest verse on the requirement of the hijab is surah 24:30–31, asking women to draw their veil over their bosoms.^[20][21]
وَقُل لِّلْمُؤْمِنَاتِ يَغْضُضْنَ مِنْ أَبْصَارِهِنَّ وَيَحْفَظْنَ فُرُوجَهُنَّ وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلَّا مَا ظَهَرَ مِنْهَا وَلْيَضْرِبْنَ بِخُمُرِهِنَّ عَلَىٰ جُيُوبِهِنَّ وَلَا يُبْدِينَ زِينَتَهُنَّ إِلَّا لِبُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ آبَائِهِنَّ أَوْ آبَاءِ بُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ أَبْنَائِهِنَّ أَوْ أَبْنَاءِ بُعُولَتِهِنَّ أَوْ إِخْوَانِهِنَّ أَوْ بَنِي إِخْوَانِهِنَّ أَوْ بَنِي أَخَوَاتِهِنَّ أَوْ نِسَائِهِنَّ أَوْ مَا مَلَكَتْ أَيْمَانُهُنَّ أَوِ التَّابِعِينَ غَيْرِ أُولِي الْإِرْبَةِ مِنَ الرِّجَالِ أَوِ الطِّفْلِ الَّذِينَ لَمْ يَظْهَرُوا عَلَىٰ عَوْرَاتِ النِّسَاءِ وَلَا يَضْرِبْنَ بِأَرْجُلِهِنَّ لِيُعْلَمَ مَا يُخْفِينَ مِن زِينَتِهِنَّ وَتُوبُوا إِلَى اللَّهِ جَمِيعًا أَيُّهَ الْمُؤْمِنُونَ لَعَلَّكُمْ تُفْلِحُونَ^[22]

And say to the believing women that they should lower their gaze and guard their modesty; that they should not display their beauty and ornaments except what (must ordinarily) appear thereof; that they should draw their veil over their breasts and not display their beauty except to their husband, their fathers, their husband's fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers or their brothers' sons, or their sisters' sons, or their (Muslim) women, or the slaves whom their right hands possess, or male servants free of physical needs, or small children who have no sense of the shame of sex; and that they should not strike their feet in order to draw attention to their hidden ornaments. (Quran 24:31)

Allah commands to believing women about observance of Hijab by their eyes and also cover their hair and neck from non-Mahram men. In the verse, Khumur word referred to headscarf which women covers their head, neck, and bosoms from non-Mahram persons. Also, the verse mentioned a list of men who are mahram and Khumur is not required such as: husbands, father, father-in-law, and son. According to these verses is better that Muslim men and women look down when talking to the opposite sex. In addition to the Quran, the matter mentioned in the Biblical teaching. Also, the women must cover their head and bosoms.^[15]

Al-Ahzab Surah

In the al-Ahzab Surah, Allah commands to Muhammad’s wives, daughters, and believing women that wear clothes and conceal them from non-mahram people.^[15][17][21]
يَا أَيُّهَا النَّبِيُّ, قُلْ لأَزْوَاجِكَ وَ بَنَاتِكَ وَ نِسآءِ الْمُؤْمِنِيْنَ: يُدْنِيْنَ عَلَيْهِنَّ مِنْ جَلاَبِيْبِهِنَّ^[23]

O Prophet! Say to your wives, your daughters, and the women of the believers that: they should let down upon themselves their Jalabib...(Quran 33:58–59)

Jilabib is the same as Khumur in an-Nur surah. Jilbab is a long and wide headscarf that is wider that scarf and shorter that robe. The verse referred to characteristic of Islamic dress for woman and known as Chador. Chador is a suitable cloth because it is long and loose and cover woman’s body.^[15][16]

system motor 4tak dan 2tak

PRINSIP KERJA MOTOR BENSIN 4 TAK DAN 2 TAK

Motor Bensin

PRINSIP KERJA MOTOR BENSIN 4 TAK DAN 2 TAK

Prinsip Kerja Motor Bensin

Pada dasarnya prinsip kerja pada motor bensin terdiri dari 5 hal yaitu:

1. Pengisian campuran udara dan bahan bakar
2. Pemampatan/pengkompresian campuran udara dan bahan bakar
3. Pembakaran campuran udara dan bahan bakar
4. Pengembangan gas hasil pembakaran
5. Pembuangan gas bekas

Prinsip kerja motor bensin diatas pada:

* pada motor 4 tak,

Diselesaikan dalam: empat gerakan piston atau dua putaran poros engkol.

* Pada motor 2 tak,

Diselesaikan dalam dua gerakan piston atau satu putaran poros engkol.

LANGKAH KERJA MOTOR

Langkah kerja motor terdiri dari :

1. Langkah isap
2. Langkah kompresi
3. Langkah usaha
4. Langkah buang

CARA KERJA MOTOR 4 TAK

Prinsip Kerja Motor 4 tak

Membaca Selengkapnya ..
1. Langkah isap

Piston bergerak dari TMA (titik mati atas) ke TMB (titik mati bawah). Dalam langkah ini, campuran udara dan bahan bakar diisap ke dalam silinder. Katup isap terbuka sedangkan katup buang tertutup. Waktu piston bergerak ke bawah, menyebabkan ruang silinder menjadi vakum, masuknya campuran udara dan bahan bakar ke dalam silinder disebabkan adanya tekanan udara luar (atmospheric pressure).

2. Langkah kompresi

Piston bergerak dari TMB ke TMA. Dalam langkah ini, campuran udara dan bahan bakar dikompresikan/dimampatkan. Katup isap dan katup buang tertutup. Waktu torak mulai naik dari titik mati bawah (TMB) ke titik mati atas (TMA) campuran udara dan bahan bakar yang diisap tadi dikompresikan. Akibatnya tekanan dan temperaturnya menjadi naik, sehingga akan mudah terbakar.

3. Langkah usaha

Piston bergerak dari TMA ke TMB. Dalam langkah ini, mesin menghasilkan tenaga untuk menggerakan kendaraan. Sesaat sebelum torak mencapai TMA pada saat langkah kompresi, busi memberi loncatan bunga api pada campuran yang telah dikompresikan. Dengan terjadinya pembakaran, kekuatan dari tekanan gas pembakaran yang tinggi mendorong torak kebawah. Usaha ini yang menjadi tenaga mesin (engine power).

4. Langkah buang

Piston bergerak dari TMB ke TMA. Dalam langkah ini, gas yang terbakar dibuang dari dalam silinder.  Katup buang terbuka, piston bergerak dari TMB ke TMA mendorong gas bekas pembakaran ke luar dari silinder.
Ketika torak mencapai TMA, akan mulai bergerak lagi untuk persiapan berikutnya, yaitu langkah isap.

CARA KERJA MOTOR 2 TAK

Prinsip Kerja Motor 2 tak

1. langkah isap dan kompresi

Piston bergerak ke atas. Ruang dibawah piston menjadi vakum/hampa udara, akibatnya udara dan campuran bahan bakar terisap masuk ke dalam ruang dibawah piston. Sementara dibagian ruang atas piston terjadi langkah kompresi, sehingga udara dan campuran bahan bakar yang sudah berada di ruang atas piston suhu dan tekanannya menjadi naik. Pada saat 10-5 derajat sebelum TMA, busi memercikan bunga api, sehingga campuran udara dan bahan bakar yang telah naik temperatur dan tekanannya menjadi terbakar dan meledak.

2. Langkah usaha dan buang

Hasil dari pembakaran tadi membuat piston bergerak ke bawah. Pada saat piston terdorong ke bawah/bergerak ke bawah, ruang di bawah piston menjadi dimampatkan/dikompresikan. Sehingga campuran udara dan bahan bakar yang berada di ruang bawah piston menjadi terdesak keluar dan naik ke ruang diatas piston melalui saluran bilas. Sementara sisa hasil pembakaran tadi akan terdorong ke luar dan keluar menuju saluran buang, kemudian menuju knalpot.
Langkah kerja ini terjadi berulang-ulang selama mesin hidup.

Keterangan : Pada saat piston bergerak ke bawah, udara dan campuran bahan bakar yang berada di ruang bawah piston tidak dapat keluar menuju saluran masuk, karena adanyareed valve. 

KEUNGGULAN DAN KEKURANGAN MOTOR 2 TAK DIBANDING MOTOR 4 TAK

KEUNGGULAN MOTOR 2 TAK DIBANDING 4 TAK

1. Untuk ukuran dan putaran yang sama daya yang dihasilkan lebih besar

• Secara teoritis daya motor 2 tak dua kali lebih besar dibanding motor 4 tak

Perbandingan daya yang dihasilkan

• Kenyatannya tidak demikian, sebab: setiap kali akhir langkah usaha lubang buang sudah terbuka, Proses pembilasan sangat singkat sehingga masih ada sisa gas buang.

(Akhir Langkah Usaha Port Buang Sudah Terbuka)  (Proses pembilasan sangat singkat)

2. Konstruksinya lebih sederhana
3. Getarannya lebih kecil
4. Bobot mesin untuk setiap satuan daya lebih kecil
5. Knalpot lebih awet
6. Perawatan lebih mudah

KELEMAHAN MOTOR 2 TAK DIBANDING 4 TAK

1. Pemakaian bahan bakar lebih boros
2. Knalpot/port mudah buntu
3. Pelumasan pada dinding silinder kurang sempurna (exhaust port)
4. Polusi yang ditimbulkan lebih banyak (asap dan emisi)

CARA MENGATASI KELEMAHAN MOTOR 2 TAK

Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengurangi kelemahan motor 2 tak antara lain dengan :

• KIS (kawasaki integrated system)
• RIS (resonator intake system)
• KIPS (kawasaki integrated power valve system)
• RC VALVE (revolutinary controled exhaust system)
• YPVS (yamaha power valve system)
• YEIS (yamaha energy induction system)

KIS

Penambahan suatu ruangan yang pintu masuknya berdekatan dengan lubang pembuangan. KIS diterapkan pada kawasaki ninja RR
Fungsi: memblokir campuran udara dan bahan bakar segar agar tidak keluar ke saluran pembuangan pada saat langkah isap.

KIPS

Merupakan pengembangan dari KIS. Berfungsi mengatur lubang pembuangan sesuai dengan putaran mesin.
Pada RPM tinggi: Katup membuka sehingga pengeluaran gas buang lebih sempurna.
Pada RPM rendah: Katup menutup untuk mencegah keluarnya campuran udara dan bahan bakar yang baru masuk ke ruang bakar.

Prinsip kerja KIPS

YPVS DAN RC VALVE

YPVS diterapkan oleh yamaha TZM
RC VALVE diterapkan pada NSR 150 R
Kelemahan menggunakan YPVS dan RC VALVE, pada saat lalu lintas padat motor cepat panas karena saluran buang tertutup.
Prinsip kerja YPVS dan RC VALVE:

1. Katup akan tertutup penuh pada putaran 2000-6000 rpm
2. Pada putaran 6000-8500 rpm, katup mulai membuka
3. Diatas putaran 8500, katup membuka penuh

RIS

Penambahan suatu ruangan antara karburator dengan karter. Komponen yang memiliki fungsi serupa dengan RIS pada yamaha disebut dengan YEIS.
Fungsi:

1. menampung udara dan bahan bakar yang belum sempat masuk keruang bakar dan tersedak keluar akibat tekanan balik.
2. Menyetabilkan aliran campuran udara dan bahan bakar kedalam ruang karter.

KIS DAN RIS

Prinsip: Berat jenis gas buang lebih berat dibanding gas baru karena telah tercampur carbon. sehingga bahan bakar murni cendrung diatas dan masuk ke ruang KIS.
Kelemahan: tidak dapat distel untuk berbagai putaran motor.

KIS dan RIS

PERBANDINGAN OUT PUT DENGAN RPM

cewek.

foto foto cewek masa kini

hijabhijab

Hijab

 

Women wearing hijab

A Hijab (hee-jab), also spelled ḥijāb (/hɪˈdʒɑːb/, /hɪˈdʒæb/, /ˈhɪ.dʒæb/ or /hɛˈdʒɑːb/;^[1][2][3][4] Arabic: حجاب‎, pronounced [ħiˈdʒæːb] or [ħiˈɡæːb]), is a veil that covers the head and chest, which is often worn by Muslim women beyond the age of puberty in the presence of adult males outside of their immediate family as a form of modest attire. According to some interpretations, it may also be worn in the presence of adult non-Muslim females outside of their immediate family. The hijab can further denote any head, face or body covering worn by Muslim women that similarly conforms to a certain standard of modesty. It can also be used to refer to the seclusion of women from men in the public sphere, or it may embody a metaphysical dimension – Al-hijab refers to "the veil which separates man or the world from God".^[5] In fact the word "veil" derives from a Latin word which means much the same as hijab.

Most often, the hijab is worn by Muslim women as a symbol of modesty and privacy. According to the Encyclopedia of Islam and Muslim World, modesty in the Quran concerns both men's and women's "gaze, gait, garments, and genitalia."^[6] The Quran admonishes Muslim women to dress modestly and cover their breasts and genitals.^[7] Most Islamic legal systems define this type of modest dressing as covering everything except the face and hands in public.^[5][8] These guidelines (for covering of the entire body except for the hands, the feet and the face) are found in texts of fiqh and hadith developed after the revelation of the Quran but, according to some, are derived from the hijab ayahs in Quran.^[6] The Quran mandates Hijab for both men and women, the word "hijab" does not mean headscarf, but cover. The Quran states "tell the believing men to lower their gaze (in the presence of women), this is better for them", and for women "tell the believing women to put their khumur over their bosoms". The word "khumur" is often omitted when the quote is referenced, and the word is the actual word used in the Quran, which, by all Arabic translations means "a veil worn by a women to cover her head", and the second part of the verse, "over their bosoms" indicates women should cover their breasts in the presence of men who are not their immediate relatives.^[9]

The term hijab in Arabic literally means “a screen or curtain” and is used in the Quran to refer to a partition. The Quran tells the male believers (Muslims) to talk to the wives of Muhammad behind a curtain. This curtain was the responsibility of the men and not the wives of Muhammad. This leads some to claim that the mandate of the Quran to wear hijab applies to the wives of Muhammad, not women generally.^[10][11] Αlthough hijab is often seen by Westerners as a tool utilized by men to control and silence women, the practice is understood differently in different contexts.^[12] Conservative Muslims assert that applying the concept of Gheerah (protective jealousy) and enforcing the wearing of the hijab preserves a Muslim man's honor and helps to fulfill his requirement to be the protector of his womanfolk.^[13][14]